INTRODUCTION

Floodplain management is a program of corrective and preventative measures which reduce and avoid future flood damage. Floodplain management, whether it employs structural approaches such as levees and dams, non-structural approaches such as setbacks from rivers and streams, or a combination of both, is intended to minimize the property damage and personal injury that result from flooding. The general plan law calls for the consideration of flood hazards, flooding, and floodplains in the land use, open-space, conservation, and safety elements.

Floodplain management may be approached as a stand alone program or as one component of the broader notion of watershed planning, which also includes objectives such as improved water quality, erosion control, flood management and habitat conservation and enhancement. Where possible, a community should take a broader watershed approach to floodplain management which would result in a coordinated regional approach to land use planning and flood loss reductions. When incorporated into the general plan, either as an optional element or as a section in the land use, open-space, conservation, or safety element floodplain management principles will be reflected as long-term development policies.

Land use decisions directly influence the function of floodplains and may either reduce or increase potential flood hazards. The functions of floodplains include, but are not limited to, water supply, improved water quality, flood and erosion control, and fish and wildlife habitat. Development within floodplains may not only expose people and property to floods, but increase the potential for flooding elsewhere. Land use regulations such as zoning and subdivision ordinances are the primary means of implementing general plan policies established to minimize flood hazards. In addition to including flood-plain management policies in the general plan, making related changes to zoning and subdivision ordinances is crucial to the success of a floodplain management pro-gram.

The following floodplain management element guidelines will discuss floodplain management at both the individual community level and the regional level. They are equally useful in situations where a city or county has unilaterally included floodplain management in its general plan, or where an individual jurisdiction’s floodplain management element is part of a larger regional strategy to be implemented by more than one agency.

GUIDELINES FOR FLOODPLAIN

MANAGEMENT PROGRAMS

Relationship to the General Plan

Floodplain management may be addressed in an optional element pursuant to §65303 of the Government Code. Once adopted, the floodplain management element becomes an integral part of and carries the same weight as the other elements of the general plan. Its objectives, policies, plan proposals, and implementation measures must be consistent with the entire general plan

(§65303.5). The objectives and policies which are adopted as part of the floodplain management element must not conflict with the general plan as a whole, nor with any individual element. A floodplain management element should provide direction and specific policies correlated with the land use, housing, conservation, safety, and open-space elements. For example, policies limiting development within the floodplain to compatible agricultural uses must also be reflected in the land use, open-space, and conservation elements. Policies regarding levee and channel maintenance might be reflected in the safety element. Many of the provisions under floodplain management will affect other elements of the general plan, and they should be cross-referenced as necessary.

Where a regional approach is being taken, the policies of a city’s or county’s floodplain element should also correlate to the regional floodplain management plan. That plan should be specific enough to recognize the differing characteristics of the involved cities and counties and identify the respective roles of each. The regional plan may stipulate that participating cities and counties self-certify the consistency of their floodplain elements with the regional plan.

City of Roseville Floodplain Management

The City of Roseville has incorporated floodplain management goals, policies, and implementation measures into its general plan safety element based upon a regional approach to flood issues involving coordinated efforts with the community and other agencies. The City regulates floodplain areas through land use and zoning designations as well as with restrictions on development within specified areas of the floodplain. As part of its implementation measures, the City has established mitigation fees for the purpose of financing flood prevention and maintenance programs. The element’s policies focus on minimizing potential loss of life and property damage through the pursuit of solutions, which are cost effective and minimize environmental impacts.

Relationship to CEQA

The adoption or amendment of a floodplain management element is subject to the requirements of CEQA (described in Chapter 4). The element may have direct physical consequences on residential development, wildlife habitat, anadromous fish migration, agricultural resources, and other environmental resources common to rivers and their floodplains.

Flood Insurance

The most common means of planning to avoid or at least mitigate flood damage is participation in the federal flood insurance program. The Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) administers the National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP) which makes flood insurance available to those communities which have enacted local ordinances restricting development within the 100-year floodplain. The local floodplain ordinances must meet or exceed FEMA’s regulations. As part of its program, FEMA prepares a Flood Insurance Rate Map (FIRM) delineating the theoretical boundaries of the 100-year floodplain (the area within which the statistical frequency of flooding is believed to be 1 in 100 in any given year). These maps form the basis for regulating floodplain development and the rating of flood insurance policies.

The responsibilities of cities and counties participating in the NFIP include requiring that all new construction have its lowest floor elevated to or above the "base flood elevation" (this is calculated in conjunction with the 100-year floodplain delineation) and keeping records of development occurring within the designated floodplain. Under federal law, flood insurance must be purchased when obtaining a federally-backed loan for a home within the FIRM 100-year floodplain. The city or county must submit a biennial report to FEMA describing any changes in the community’s flood hazard area, development activities which have taken place within the floodplain, and the number of floodplain residents and structures. As of April 1998, all but 20 of the cities and 1 of the counties in California participate in the NFIP.

Participating in the NFIP is no guarantee that a community will escape flood damage, or that floods will not occur outside the boundaries of mapped floodplains. The program has a number of recognized shortcomings: FEMA maps tend to underestimate the extent of the floodplain (for example, FEMA does not take into account the effects of future development when estimating flood potential) and are not updated frequently enough to reflect changes in the watershed or floodplain. FIRM maps do not provide for consideration of "buildout" for either upstream or downstream areas which may affect local flood levels. If these maps are to be used as a planning tool, they should be updated using locally collected data to identify existing and future flood levels. The Department of Water Resources (DWR) is currently working to update many of these maps, in cooperation with FEMA.

Residents and decision-makers are not always aware of the actual level of flood risk. The 100-year floodplain is a theoretical construct – in many cases there is simply insufficient historical flood data to accurately judge flood frequency. In addition, the 100-year floodplain designation is commonly misunderstood by the public – it is simply a statistical probability, meaning that in reality severe flooding may occur even more than once in any year, and any number of years over a 100 year span. The NFIP and related floodplain mapping should be viewed as the foundation on which to build floodplain management policies. The general plan may augment this program by providing long-range guidance to avoid and reduce flood hazards.

Floodplain Management on a Regional Basis

Rivers, creeks, and other potential sources of flooding often cross-jurisdictional boundaries and a regional, watershed-based approach may be the most effective means of floodplain management. The broader scope offers the advantage of involving local governments, other public agencies, interest groups, landowners, and the general public throughout the watershed in a comprehensive, multi-jurisdictional program for reducing flood risk and potential damages and restoring and enhancing floodplain functions. The larger area may offer a wider range of potential policy and regulatory options than would be available in a single jurisdiction. Nonetheless, regional floodplain management is also more politically and logistically difficult than management undertaken within a single jurisdiction.

No two situations are alike, and the dynamics of regional floodplain management are very situation-specific. For that reason, we will limit our discussion of regional approaches to generalities. For additional ad-vice, see the reference sources listed later in the appendix.

Successfully developing a regional floodplain management plan depends on the existence of several basic prerequisites. There must be:

• general recognition that there is a regional flooding problem that requires a solution;
• some impetus for the involvement of critical agencies and interest groups in the search for a solution;
• a willingness among the involved agencies and interest groups to work toward a consensus solution;
• at least one person, group, or agency that will sponsor or champion the process;
• a range of feasible and practical solutions available;
• a reasonable possibility that funding exists to pay for the necessary planning, as well as follow-up funding to implement the accepted plan;
• and specific criteria to measure the effectiveness of plan implementation.

Few of the regional floodplain management efforts currently being implemented around the state, including watershed management programs, are directly linked to city and county general plans. In fact, city and county land use planning agencies are often conspicuously low on the list of participants. When possible, city and county planners should take an active, lead part in any regional floodplain management planning process. The local general plans, as well as zoning and subdivision ordinances, can play an important part in a comprehensive, multi-jurisdictional program for flood management. Cities and counties should amend their general plans and revise their zoning and subdivision ordinances when agreed to as part of a regional effort.

Some tips for Tackling a Regional Flood-plain Management Plan (adapted from U.S. EPA’s "Top 10 Watershed Lessons Learned")

• Be sure that a watershed based or risk based planning process is needed and has broad community support.
• Invite all those with a stake in the outcome (landowners, residents, cities, counties, etc.) to participate.
• Establish a steering committee of community opinion leaders.
• Inform participants of the issues, problems, and a range of possible solutions.
• Identify sources of funding early in the process to help focus the range of potential actions.
• Respect the opinions of residents and other participants.
• Encourage a consensus approach, maintaining good communication among participants.
• Establish clear, measurable goals and feasible objectives.
• Assign responsibility, and funding, for specific aspects of the plan to each agency.
• Where possible, integrate floodplain management policies and regulations with local general plans, zoning ordinances, and subdivision ordinances.

METHODOLOGY

The process of adopting a floodplain management element is essentially the same as any other element of the general plan and must follow the procedures set forth by §65350 and §65400 of the Government Code. Under state law, the planning agency must provide opportunities for involvement by residents, public agencies, public utility companies, and other community groups through public hearings and any other means found to be necessary or desirable. The planning agency should include in its process affected cities and counties, FEMA, the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, the California Department of Water Resources (DWR), levee districts, resource conservation districts, and interest groups including environmentalists, farmers, builders, as well as any non-governmental organization (i.e. land trust, local or other conservancy, etc.) which might have an interest in floodplains.

Establishing a steering committee may be useful. The committee can help identify floodplain issues and community objectives, develop policies, and draft the element. Members of the committee should be selected from among representatives of interested groups, agencies, organizations, and residents. Alternatively, a separate technical advisory group may also be established from among agency representatives. See Chapter 2 for a discussion of advisory committees.

The general plan may be adopted in any format deemed necessary or appropriate. A well-written general plan will serve as a constant reference for decisions regarding the physical development of the community including its floodplains. Floodplain management is interrelated with most, if not all, of the other required elements. The Office of Planning and Research recommends taking particular care to correlate floodplain management objectives and policies with those of the land use, open-space, conservation, and safety elements

Useful Definitions:

Area of Shallow Flooding:

A designated AO or AH Zone on the Flood Insurance Rate Map (FIRM). The base flood depths range from one to three feet; a clearly defined channel does not exist; the path of flooding is unpredictable and indeterminate; and velocity flow may be evident. Such flooding is characterized by ponding or sheet flow.

Base Flood: The flood having a one percent chance of being equaled or exceeded in magnitude in any given year. (Also known as the 100- Year Flood). This is the flooding event that is used by and the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) to calculate flood risk for the National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP).

Base Flood Elevation: The height (above sea level) that flood waters will reach at a given location in the event of the base (100-year) flooding event.

Conveyance: A measure of the water carrying capacity of a stream reach.

Encroachment: The advance or infringement of uses, plan growth, fill excavation, buildings, permanent structures, or development into a floodplain which may impede or alter the flow capacity of a floodplain.

Flood Boundary and Floodway Map: A flood-plain management map issued by FEMA that shows, based on detailed and approximate analyses, the boundaries of the 100-year and 500-year floodplains and the 100-year floodway.

Floodway Fringe: That portion of the 100-year floodplain adjoining the floodway in which limited encroachment is permissible.

Flood Hazard Boundary Map (FHBM): The initial insurance map issued by FEMA that identifies approximate areas of 100-year flood hazard in a community.

Flood Insurance Rate Map (FIRM): The official map on which the Federal Emergency Management Agency or Federal Insurance Administration has delineated both the areas of special flood hazards and the risk premium zones applicable to the community.

Flood Insurance Study (FIS): The official report provided by the Federal Insurance Administration that includes flood profiles, the Flood Insurance Rate Map, the Flood Boundary and Floodway Map, and the water surface elevation of the base flood.

Floodproofing: Any combination of structural and non-structural additions, changes or adjustments to structures which reduce or eliminate flood damage to real estate or improved real property, water and sanitary facilities, structures and their contents.

Regulatory Floodway: The channel of a river or watercourse and the adjacent land areas that must be reserved in order to discharge the 100- year flood without cumulatively increasing the water surface elevation more than one foot.

Floodplain Management: The operation of an overall program of corrective and preventive measures for reducing flood damage and preserving and enhancing, where possible, natural resources in the floodplain, including but not limited to emergency preparedness plan, flood control works, floodplain management regulations, and open-space plans.

Floodplain: Any area susceptible to inundation by floodwater from any source.

NFIP: The National Flood Insurance Program that is managed and implemented through the Federal Emergency Management Agency in cooperation with local governments and property owners.

100-Year Flood: (also called the Base Flood) is the flood having a one percent chance of being equaled or exceeded in magnitude in any given year. Contrary to popular belief, it is not a flood occurring once every 100 years.

100-Year Floodplain: The area adjoining a river, stream, or watercourse covered by water in the event of a 100-year flood. 100-Year Floodplain Schematic.

Reach: A continuous segment of a watercourse.

Sheet Flood Hazard: A type of flood hazard with flooding depths of 1 to 3 feet that occurs in areas of sloping land. The sheet flow hazard is represented by the zone designation AO on the Flood Insurance Rate Map (FIRM).

Special Flood Hazard Area: The darkly shaded area on the Flood Hazard Boundary Map (FHBM) or Flood Insurance Rate Map (FIRM) which identifies an area that has a one percent chance of being flooded in any given year (100- year floodplain). The FIRM identifies these shaded areas as Zones A, AO, AH, A1-A30, AE, A99, AR, V, V1-30, and VE.

Watershed: A geographic area from which water and transported materials are drained by a river and its tributaries to a common outlet.

Watershed Management: A comprehensive approach to addressing issues which affect the function of a river system, including measures taken to improve water quality, erosion control, flood hazards, and habitat conservation.

Zone A (Unnumbered): Special Flood Hazard Areas subject to inundation from the 100-Year flood. Because detailed hydraulic analyses have not been performed, no base flood elevation or depths are shown. Mandatory flood insurance purchase requirements apply.

Zone AE and A1-30: Special Flood Hazard Areas subject to inundation by the 100-Year flood determined in a Flood Insurance Study by detailed methods. Base flood elevations are shown within these zones. Mandatory flood insurance purchase requirements apply. (Zone AE is used on new and revised maps in place of Zones A1-30.)

Zone AH: Special Flood Hazard Areas subject to inundation by 100-Year shallow flooding (usually areas of ponding) where average depths are between one and three feet. Base flood elevations derived from detailed hydraulic analyses are shown in this zone. Mandatory flood insurance purchase requirements apply.

Zone AO: Special Flood Hazard Areas subject to inundation by 100-Year shallow flooding (usually sheet flow on sloping terrain) where average depths are between one and three feet. Average flood depths derived from detailed hydraulic analyses are shown within this zone. Mandatory flood insurance purchase requirements apply.

Zone AR: Areas in the process of restoring flood protection where a flood protection system has been decertified.

Zone B, C, and X: Areas that have been identified in the community flood insurance study as areas of moderate or minimal hazard from the principal source flood in the area. However, buildings in these zones could be flooded by severe, concentrated rainfall coupled with inadequate local drainage systems. Flood insurance is available in participating communities but is not required by regulation in these zones. (Zone X is used on new and revised maps in place of Zones B and C.)

Zone D: Unstudied areas where flood hazards are undetermined but flooding is possible. No mandatory flood insurance purchase requirements apply, but coverage is available in participating communities.

RELEVANT ISSUES

When a floodplain management element is being prepared, the issues covered should be limited to those which are relevant to the community, the floodplain, and the watershed. Clearly, the subjects covered by the floodplain management element will depend upon the community’s location in relation to rivers and streams, past or future potential for flood events, and the potential to be affected by upstream or to impact downstream land use decisions and flood potential. Following are a variety of issues, not all of which will be relevant in every jurisdiction. These are simply some common ideas; they are not intended to be an all-inclusive list.

• The FEMA NFIP program and community rating system
• Land use designation and flood hazard overlay designations
• Structural approaches to flood control
• Non-structural approaches to floodplain management
• Conformity with federal, state, and local regulations
• Regulatory relationships, including permitting
• Multi-jurisdictional coordination and watershed planning
• Downstream impacts as consequences of land use decisions
• Downstream land use planning considerations (flood hazards and infrastructure) as consequences of up-stream actions
• Alternative non-structural allowable floodplain land uses
• Balancing floodplain management objectives with regional share housing needs, existing land uses, conservation of agricultural land, and habitat restoration
• Funding of management activities

Technical Assistance

At this writing, the California Department of Water Resources Floodplain Management Branch and the Interagency Floodplain Management Coordination Group (with representatives of local, state, and federal agencies) are preparing an informational program designed to provide technical assistance to local agencies for the management of floodplains and their re-sources. The program will include a floodplain management training manual describing the multi-objective floodplain management planning process, implementation strategies and guide-lines, economic (benefit/cost) analysis including non-market valuation techniques, and a data-base of public and private technical and funding assistance programs. An educational package will include computer modeling, video, presentation formats, written informational materials, and statewide workshops. In addition, economic support staff may be available within DWR to provide technical assistance to local agencies. For more information, contact DWR at the address listed in the technical assistance section.

Also, DWR has a proactive floodplain management program. Activities under this program include floodplain mapping, community assistance visits to audit compliance with federal floodplain management regulations, assistance to communities on preparation of floodplain management and repetitive loss plans, public official's workshops, publication of a floodplain management newsletter, and review of community floodplain management ordinances.

Ideas For Data and Analysis

In the process of preparing a floodplain management element, the city or county will have to collect a substantial amount of information concerning its floodplains. There are a variety of sources for this information. FEMA maps are available for most communities. The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers will do floodplain delineation on a cost-sharing basis and has information on floodplains and project levees. DWR also has flood-plain information and a floodplain management pro-gram, as does the State Reclamation Board in the Central Valley. The Office of Emergency Services and DWR have information on past flooding. Local levee districts and Resource Conservation Districts may also have information to share. The following are ideas for data and analysis to support the development of objectives, policies, and implementation measures for this element.

• Comprehensively define the floodplain (FEMA v. Army Corps of Engineers v. State Reclamation Board v. local agency definition)
• Extent and depth of historic flooding (maps)
• Historical flooding data
• frequency
• intensity
• duration
• Inventory land and land uses with the floodplain(s)
• open-space
• habitat
• agricultural
• flood control
• developed (i.e., residential, commercial, industrial
• Identify existing and future problems and opportunities
• Development within hazard areas
• Undeveloped land suitable for bypass construction
• Loss of productive farmland and opportunities for conjunctive farming and floodplain management activities
• Community apathy or support
• Funding shortfalls
• Boundaries of floodplains (FEMA v. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers v. DWR v. local agency)
• Inventory flood control structures and areas managed for flood control, and their controlling agencies
• levees
• flood walls
• bypasses
• dams/reservoirs
• Inventory pertinent regulations of federal, state, and local agencies
• regulatory authority
• existing land use and zoning restrictions
• Inventory ongoing floodplain or watershed management and planning activities
• local/regional, including those of non-governmental organizations
• state
• federal
• Inventory past, and planned management activities
• Local agencies
• Reclamation Districts
• State and federal agencies
• Identify sources of funding for planning efforts, as well as for potential implementation activities
• Benefit/cost analysis of alternative floodplain management strategies

Ideas for Development Policies

A floodplain management element should conform to the pertinent policies, objectives, plans, and proposals central to the land use, conservation, open-space, and safety elements. Policies should recognize existing floodplain management programs as well as existing regulations. As always, policies must conform to constitutional prohibitions on "regulatory takings." Further, the policies selected should be physically and economically feasible to implement.

Following are ideas for the general types of policies which may be incorporated into the floodplain management element.

• Specify allowable uses within the floodway fringe
• Specify limits on development and encroachment within mapped floodplains (land use density, intensity, elevations, location), including areas of shallow flooding
• Establish policies, plan proposals, and standards for dealing with constraints and minimizing land use and floodplain conflict
• Retain and preserve floodplains for open-space and recreation<
• Encourage compatible agricultural uses and practices with habitat banking where compatible with flood-plains
• Mitigate for impacts such as loss of agricultural land or changes in flood characteristics
• Cooperate with the programs of other agencies and non-governmental organizations, where applicable
• Establish consultation procedures with other affected agencies and jurisdictions
• Identify criteria for public agency acquisition of development rights in flood prone areas
• Encourage cooperation with non-governmental organizations to acquire development rights

Ideas for Implementation

Local agencies should select a combination of implementation measures or strategies that best address the unique characteristics of the specific community and establish an effective long-term approach to floodplain management. The following examples illustrate the kinds of actions local governments may take to implement the floodplain management element.

• Adopt flood hazard zoning
• Enact floodplain management standards as part of the subdivision ordinance
• Adopt transfer of development rights programs
• Adopt other land use development regulations
• Reconnect the river and its floodplain through public land acquisition and structural modification of existing flood control devices
• Develop a program for preventative maintenance of active floodplains, control structures, river banks, and channels to ensure continued flood capacity and stability
• Identify and utilize floodplain management grants and assistance to develop and implement floodplain management plans and programs
• Develop public outreach programs and information
• Incorporate floodplain mapping, from several sources if available, into the city or county Geographic Information System (GIS)
• Regularly review floodplain maps, and update when new information becomes available Public development and redevelopment policies
• Prepare and update emergency preparedness plans
• Direct local emergency services offices to develop and implement flood warning systems
• Establish resources and provide funding for public acquisition of private lands and structures within the floodplain and subject to flood hazards.
• Institute a planning mechanism and institutional framework to coordinate flood control and environmental management activities with local, state, federal agencies, and other stakeholders.
• Initiate actions to avoid inadequate or unclear responsibilities between agencies
• Enter cooperative agreements (JPA, MOU) with other entities specifying relative roles facilitate the coordination of responsibilities and activities among agencies and the public for floodplain management
• Develop aquatic and terrestrial habitat restoration plans consistent with floodplain and river channel use guidelines
• Develop information and coordination plans with other agencies to educate the public and all planning agencies about floodplain management objectives

Technical and Funding Assistance

The following entities may provide technical and funding assistance in preparing and adopting a flood-plain management element or incorporating its objectives, plans, policies, and implementation measures into other elements of the general plan. Contact these agencies directly for information about their funding pro-grams.

Floodplain Management Association
P.O. Box 2972
Mission Viejo, CA 92692
http://floodplain.org

United States Army Corps of Engineers
Floodplain Management Services
South Pacific Division
630 Sansome Street, Room 720
San Francisco, CA 94111
(415) 556-0914
http://www.usace.army.mil/inet/functions/cw/cecwp/

Funding Mechanisms: Congressionally Authorized Civil Works Projects, Floodplain Management Services, Small Flood Control Projects, Snagging and Clearing for Flood Control, Streambank and Shoreline Protection for Public Facilities

Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA)
Building 105, Presidio of San Francisco
San Francisco, CA 94129
(415) 923-7177
http://www.fema.gov/home

Funding mechanisms: Hazard Mitigation Grant Pro-gram, Public Assistance Section 406, National Flood Insurance Program, Performance Partnership Program, Community Assistance Program-State Support Services Element, Individual and Family Grant Program, Disaster Housing Assistance Program

Governor’s Office of Emergency Services
Planning and Technological Assistance Branch
P.O. Box 419047
Rancho Cordova, CA 95741-9047
(916) 464-3200

or

Disaster Assistance Programs Branch
Hazard Mitigation Section
P.O. Box 419023
Rancho Cordova, CA 95741-9023
http://www.oes.ca.gov

Funding Mechanisms: Hazard Mitigation Grant Program

California Department of Water Resources
Floodplain Management Branch
P.O. Box 942836
Sacramento, CA 94236-0001
(916) 653-9902
http://www.dwr.water.ca.gov

United States Environmental Protection Agency
75 Hawthorne Street
San Francisco, CA 94105
http://www.epa.gov

Funding under the Clean Water Act: 104(b)(3) State
Wetland Protection Development Grant; 104(b)(3)
NPDES demonstration projects

United States Department of Agriculture
Natural Resource Conservation Service
2121-C 2nd Street, Suite 102
Davis, California 95616
http://www.nrcs.usda.gov